de aici http://www.peteducation.com/article.cfm?c=1+2243+2244&aid=2729
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| Barteges, JW; Kirk, CA. Interpreting and managing crystalluria. In Bonagura, JD; Twedt, DC (eds) Kirk's Current Veterinary Therapy XIV. W.B. Saunders Co. Philadelphia, PA; 2009:850-854. Buffington, CA; Chew, DJ. Diet therapy in cats with lower urinary tract disorders. Compendium on Continuing Education July 1999;21(7):626-630. Kalkstein, TS; Kruger, JM; Osborne, CA. Feline Idiopathic Lower Urinary Tract Disease. Part II. Compendium on Continuing Education. February 1999;21(2):148-154. Lekcharoensuk, C; Osborne, CA; Lulich, JP; Pusoonthornthum, R; Kirk, CA; Ulrich, LK; Koehler, LA; Carpenter, KA; Swanson, LL. Association between dietary factors and calcium oxalate and magnesium ammonium phosphate urolithiasis in cats. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 2001 November 1;219(9):1228-37 Westropp, JL; Buffington, CAT, Chew, D. Feline Lower Urinary Tract Diseases. In Ettinger, SJ; Feldman, EC. (eds) Textbook of Veterinary Internal Medicine. W.B. Saunders Co. Philadelphia, PA; 2005:1845-1850. Osborne, CA; Lulich, JP; Forrester, D; Albasan, H. Paradigm changes in the role of nutrition for the management of canine and feline urolithiasis. In Osborne, CA; Lulich, JP (eds.) Veterinary Clinics of North America Small Animal Practice: Changing Paradigms in Diagnosis and Treatment of Urolithiasis. W.B. Saunders Co. Philadelphia, PA; 2009 (January) 127-141. Osborne, CA; Lulich, JP; Kruger, JM; Ulrich, LK; Koehler, LA. Analysis of 451,891 canine uroliths, feline uroliths, and feline urethral plugs from 1981 to 2007: Perspectives from the Minnesota Urolith Center. In Osborne, CA; Lulich, JP (eds.) Veterinary Clinics of North America Small Animal Practice: Changing Paradigms in Diagnosis and Treatment of Urolithiasis. W.B. Saunders Co. Philadelphia, PA; 2009 (January) 183-197. Osborne, CA; Lulich, JP; Thumchai, R; Ulrich, LK; Koehler, LA; Bird, KA; Bartges, JW. Feline urolithiasis: Etiology and pathogenesis. Veterinary Clinics of North America March 1996;26(2):217 232.
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If the stones cannot be diagnosed through palpation, the diagnosis of bladder stones in cats is made or confirmed with abdominal x-rays or ultrasound. Most stones are radiopaque, meaning they show up on the radiographic film as obvious white circles or shapes just as bones do. A few are radiolucent, where the x-ray beams pass right through and therefore, they do not show up on the finished film. To confirm the presence of these types of stones, a special dye is passed into the bladder and it outlines the stones in the x-ray. With this method, we see a white area (the dye in the bladder) with a black hole in the center (the stone).
Unele pisici dezvolta cristale microscopice in urina lor. Acestea pot sau nu pot fi asociate cu o infecție a tractului urinar. Aceste cristale, care sunt ca nisipul foarte fin, irita vezica urinara. La masculi, cristalele pot conecta uretra (tubul care transporta urina din vezica, prin penis, la partea exterioară a corpului). Aceasta este o condiție în pericol viața, deoarece pisica ar fi în imposibilitatea de a urina. În unele pisici, pietre mai mari se poate dezvolta. Acestea sunt numite calculi urinar și condiție este menționată ca urolitiaza. Pietre poate forma, de fapt oriunde în întregul tractului urinar. Pietrele urinare la pisici pot fi găsite în rinichi, uretere (tuburi mici, care transporta urina de la rinichi la vezica urinara), vezica urinara, sau uretrei (tubul din vezica urinara la exterior de animale). Ele pot împiedica, de asemenea, fluxul de urina.