Litiaza vezicii urinare la pisica

Bladder stone (animal)

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This article is missing information about differences in physiology among different species of animals. This concern has been noted on the talk page where whether or not to include such information may be discussed. (February 2013)

Bladder stones or uroliths are a common occurrence in animals, especially in domestic animals such as dogs and cats. Occurrence in other species, including tortoises,^[1] have been reported as well. The stones form in the urinary bladder in varying size and numbers secondary to infection, dietary influences, and genetics. Stones can form in any part of the urinary tract in dogs and cats, but unlike in humans, stones of the kidney are less common and do not often cause significant disease, although they can contribute to pyelonephritis and chronic renal failure. Types of stones include struvite, calcium oxalate, urate, cystine, calcium phosphate, and silicate. Struvite and calcium oxalate stones are by far the most common.

Particularly large (510 gram) canine bladder stone

X-ray of a single, large bladder stone in a dog with a bladder located more to the rear than is usual

X-ray of bladder stones in a dog

X-ray of a struvite bladder stone in a cat

Contents

 [hide] 

• 1 Formation of bladder stones
• 2 Symptoms
• 3 Diagnosis
• 4 Treatment
• 5 Types of bladder stones
  • 5.1 Struvite stones
  • 5.2 Calcium oxalate stones
  • 5.3 Frequency of struvite and calcium oxalate stones in cats
  • 5.4 Urate stones
  • 5.5 Cystine stones
  • 5.6 Calcium phosphate stones
  • 5.7 Silicate stones
• 6 References

Formation of bladder stones[edit source | edit]

Oversaturation of urine with crystals is by the far the biggest factor in stone formation^{[clarification needed]}.^[2] This oversaturation can be caused by increased excretion of crystals by the kidneys, water reabsorption by the renal tubules resulting in concentration of the urine, and changes in urine pH that influence crystallization. Other contributing factors include diet, frequency of urination, genetics, current medications, and the presence of a urinary tract infection.
The stones form around a nidus, which can consist of white blood cells, bacteria, and organic matrix mixed with crystals, or crystals alone. The nidus makes up about two to ten percent of the mass of the stone.^[3] It is possible for the nidus to be made of a different type of crystal than the rest of the stone, also known as epitaxial growth.

Symptoms[edit source | edit]

Bladder stones may cause blood in the urine (hematuria) (giving the appearance that the animal is urinating blood) but sometimes there may be no signs at all. Painful urination or straining to urinate are other signs. Urinary tract infections are commonly associated with bladder stones. Smaller stones may become lodged in the urethra, especially in male animals, causing urinary tract obstruction and the inability to urinate. This condition causes acute renal failure, hyperkalemia, septicemia, and death within a few days.

Diagnosis[edit source | edit]

When symptoms indicate bladder stones, the first step is usually to take an x-ray. Most types of stones will appear readily in an x-ray, urate and occasionally cystine stones being the most common exceptions. Stones smaller than three millimeters may not be visible.^[3] Ultrasonography is also useful for identifying bladder stones. Crystals identified in a urinalysis may help identify the stones, but analysis of the stones is necessary for identification of the complete chemical composition.

Treatment[edit source | edit]

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Reasons for treatment of bladder stones include recurring symptoms and risk of urinary tract obstruction. Some stones can be dissolved using dietary modifications and/or medications. Small stones in female dogs may possibly be removed by urohydropropulsion, a nonsurgical procedure. Urohydropropulsion is performed under sedation by filling the bladder with saline through a catheter, holding the dog vertically, and squeezing the bladder to expel the stones through the urethra. Bladder stones can be removed surgically by a cystotomy, opening of the bladder. Stones lodged in the urethra can often be flushed into the bladder and removed, but sometimes a urethrotomy is necessary. In male dogs with recurrent urinary tract obstruction a scrotal urethrostomy creates a permanent opening in the urethra proximal to the area where most stones lodge, behind the os penis. In male cats, stones lodge where the urethra narrows in the penis. Recurrent cases can be treated surgically with a perineal urethrostomy, which removes the penis and creates a new opening for the urethra.
To prevent recurrence of stones, special diets can be used for each type of stone. Increasing water consumption by the animal dilutes the urine, which prevents oversaturation of the urine with crystals.

Types of bladder stones[edit source | edit]

Struvite stones[edit source | edit]

Struvite stones

Struvite stones are also known as magnesium ammonium phosphate stones due to their chemical composition - MgNH₄PO₄·6H₂0. Often there is a small amount of calcium phosphate present.^[4] They form at a neutral to alkaline pH of the urine. Bacterial infections contribute to their formation by increasing the pH of the urine through the urease enzyme in dogs. More than 90 percent of dogs with struvite stones have an associated urease-producing bacterial infection in the urinary tract, but in cats struvite stones usually form in sterile urine.^[5] The appearance of the stones vary from large solitary stones to multiple smaller stones. They can assume the shape of the bladder or urethra.

Struvite crystals

Dissolution of the struvite stones depends on acidification of the urine through diet or urinary acidifiers. Special diets for dissolution also have reduced protein, phosphorus, and magnesium, as well as increased salt to increase water consumption and dilute the urine. The diet needs to be fed exclusively, but it can only be fed for a few months total due to potential side effects. Contraindications to this diet include heart failure, liver failure, kidney failure, pancreatitis, hypertension (high blood pressure), and hypoalbuminemia (low serum albumin).^[6] Prevention of struvite stones is with a similar diet with milder restrictions.
Certain dog breeds are predisposed to struvite stones, including Miniature Schnauzers, Bichon Frises, and Cocker Spaniels.^[2] They are the most commonly reported bladder stone in female dogs^[7] and in ferrets (pregnant ferrets may be especially predisposed).^[8] For frequency in cats, see below.

Calcium oxalate stones[edit source | edit]

Calcium oxalate stones

Calcium oxalate stones form in an acidic to neutral urine. Two types naturally occur, calcium oxalate monohydrate, or whewellite (CaC₂O₄·H₂O), and calcium oxalate dihydrate, or weddellite (CaC₂O₄·2H₂O). Their appearance can be rough, smooth, spiculated, or jackstone. Calcium oxalate stones form more readily in animals with hypercalcaemia, which can caused by Addison's disease or certain types of cancer. Hypercalcaemia results in hypercalciuria, which can also be caused by Cushing's syndrome or hyperparathyroidism.
There is no recommended diet to dissolve calcium oxalate stones. For prevention a diet low in protein and oxalates and high in magnesium, phosphorus, and calcium is recommended. Increased dietary magnesium and phosphorus decreases the amount of calcium in the urine, and increased dietary calcium reduces absorption of oxalates from the intestines.^[7] Potassium citrate has been recommended as a preventative for calcium oxalate stone formation because it forms a soluble complex with oxalates and promotes the formation of alkaline urine.^[2]
Dog breeds possible prone to calcium oxalate stones include Miniature Schnauzers, Lhasa Apsos, Yorkshire Terriers, Miniature Poodles, Shih Tzus, and Bichon Frises.^[6] They are the most common stone in male dogs.^[7] Calcium oxalate stones are also common in domestic rabbits. Rabbits are prone to hypercalciuria due to intestinal absorption of calcium not being dependent on vitamin D and a high fractional urinary excretion of calcium.^[8] The urine will appear thick and creamy or sometimes sandy. Small stones and sand can be removed using urohydropropulsion. Prevention is through reducing calcium intake by feeding more hay and less commercial rabbit pellets, and by not using mineral supplements.

Frequency of struvite and calcium oxalate stones in cats[edit source | edit]

The Minnesota Urolith Center at the University of Minnesota College of Veterinary Medicine has done detailed analysis of uroliths from animals since 1981 and has noted changing trends in feline uroliths. In 1981, struvite stones were the most common type in cats, making up 78 percent of submitted samples, with only 2 percent comprising calcium oxalate stones. In the mid 1980s there was a substantial increase in the number of calcium oxalate samples, and between 1994 and 2002, 55 percent of feline stones were calcium oxalate and 33 percent were struvite. This may have been caused by the use of dissolution diets for struvite stones in cats and modification of other diets to prevent struvite crystal formation. These modifications predisposed to calcium oxalate crystal formation. However in 2004, struvite stones once again surpassed calcium oxalate stones 44.9 percent to 44.3 percent, and in 2006, 50 percent of stones were struvite and 39 percent were calcium oxalate. This may have been due to the increased use of diets designed to prevent calcium oxalate crystal formation, which because of increased magnesium in the diet and decreased acidity of the urine help promote struvite crystal formation.^[9]
Urethral plugs in cats are usually composed of struvite crystals and organic matter.^[10]

Urate stones[edit source | edit]

Urate stones

Urate (C₅H₄N₄O₃) stones, usually ammonium urate (NH₄·C₅H₄N₄O₃) or sodium urate monohydrate (Na·C₅H₄N₄O₃×H₂O), form in an acidic to neutral urine. They are usually small, yellow-brown, smooth stones. Urate stones form due to an increased excretion of uric acid in the urine. Dalmatians (especially males)^[11] and to a lesser extent Bulldogs are genetically predisposed to the formation of urate stones because of an altered metabolism of purines. Dalmatians have a decreased rate of urate hepatic transport, leading to only about 30 to 40 percent conversion of urate to allantoin, compared with greater than 90 percent conversion in other breeds.^[6] Dogs with portosystemic shunts or endstage liver disease also have increased uric acid excretion in the urine due to reduced conversion of uric acid to allantoin and ammonia to urea. Urate stones make up about six percent of all stones in the cat.^[12]
Urate stones can be dissolved using a diet with reduced purines that alkalinizes and dilutes the urine. Allopurinol is used in dogs with altered purine metabolism to prevent the formation of uric acid. Feeding a diet high in purines while simultaneously administering allopurinol can result in the formation of xanthine (C₅H₄N₄O₂) stones.

Cystine stones[edit source | edit]

Cystine ((SCH₂CHNH₂COOH)₂) stones form in an acidic to neutral urine. They are usually smooth and round. They are caused by increased urine excretion of cystine (a relatively insoluble amino acid) in dogs with a defect in renal tubule reabsorption of cystine. Dietary reduction of protein and alkalinization of the urine may help prevent formation. Medications such as D-penicillamine and 2-MPG contain thiol, which forms a soluble complex with cystine in the urine.^[7] Dog breeds possibly predisposed to formation of cystine stones include Bulldogs, Dachshunds, Basset Hounds, Chihuahuas, Yorkshire Terriers, Irish Terriers, and Newfoundlands. In Newfoundlands, cystinuria is inherited as an autosomal recessive trait, but in the other breeds it is a sex linked trait and found primarily in male dogs.^[6]

Calcium phosphate stones[edit source | edit]

Calcium phosphate, also known as hydroxyapatite (Ca₁₀(PO₄)₆(OH)₂), stones form in neutral to alkaline urine. They are usually smooth and round. Calcium phosphate is usually a component of struvite or calcium oxalate stones and is infrequently a pure stone. They form more readily with hypercalcaemia. Dog breeds possibly predisposed to calcium phosphate stone formation include Yorkshire Terriers, Miniature Schnauzers, and Cocker Spaniels.^[2]

Silicate stones[edit source | edit]

Silicate (SiO₂) stones form in acidic to neutral urine. They are usually jackstone in appearance. There is possibly an increased incidence associated with dogs on diets that have a large amount of corn gluten or soybean hulls. Dog breeds possibly predisposed include German Shepherd Dogs, Golden Retrievers, Labrador Retrievers, and Miniature Schnauzers.^[2]

References[edit source | edit]

1. ^ Giant tortoise cheats death ("Evening Express", Aberdeen, 31/01/2009)
2. ^ ^{a b c d e} Ettinger, Stephen J.;Feldman, Edward C. (1995). Textbook of Veterinary Internal Medicine (4th ed.). W.B. Saunders Company. ISBN 0-7216-6795-3. 
3. ^ ^{a b} "Urolithiasis: Overview". The Merck Veterinary Manual. 2006. Retrieved 2007-04-14. 
4. ^ Buffington, Tony (2004). "Nutrition and Urolithiasis". Proceedings of the 29th World Congress of the World Small Animal Veterinary Association. Retrieved 2006-07-16. 
5. ^ Hoskins, Johnny D. (November 2006). "Feline Urolithiasis". DVM (Advanstar Communications): 6S–7S. 
6. ^ ^{a b c d} "Canine Urolithiasis". The Merck Veterinary Manual. 2006. Retrieved 2007-04-14. 
7. ^ ^{a b c d} Zoran, Debra L. (2006). "Role of Diet in Feline and Canine Urolithiasis". Western Veterinary Conference Proceedings. 
8. ^ ^{a b} Hillyer, Elizabeth V.;Quesenberry, Katherin E. (1997). Ferrets, Rabbits, and Rodents: Clinical Medicine and Surgery (1st ed.). W.B. Saunders Company. ISBN 0-7216-4023-0. 
9. ^ Osborne, Carl A.; Lulich, Jody P. (February 2007). "Changing trends in composition of feline uroliths and urethral plugs". DVM (Advanstar Communications): 38–40. 
10. ^ Escolar E, Bellanato J (2003). "Analysis of feline urinary calculi and urethral plugs by infrared spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy". Vet Rec 152 (20): 625–8. doi:10.1136/vr.152.20.625. PMID 12790167. 
11. ^ Albasan H, Lulich J, Osborne C, Lekcharoensuk C (2005). "Evaluation of the association between sex and risk of forming urate uroliths in Dalmatians". J Am Vet Med Assoc 227 (4): 565–9. doi:10.2460/javma.2005.227.565. PMID 16117063. 
12. ^ "Feline Urolithiasis and Feline Lower Urinary Tract Disease". The Merck Veterinary Manual. 2006. Retrieved 2007-04-14

Produse americane care acidifiaza urina pisicilor

http://www.earthanimal.com/bladder/view-all-products.html

Link-uri legate de acidifiera urinei la pisici

https://www.google.ro/search?source=ig&rlz=1G1GGLQ_RORO322&q=Cranberry+cats+urine+acidifying&oq=&gs_l=

Cristalele urinare si pietrele la vezica urinara la pisici: Formarea, diete și tratamente

de aici http://www.peteducation.com/article.cfm?c=1+2243+2244&aid=2729

Some cats develop microscopic crystals in their urine. These may or may not be associated with a urinary tract infection. These crystals, which are like very fine sand, irritate the bladder. In male cats, the crystals may plug the urethra (the tube that carries urine from the bladder, through the penis, to the outside of the body). This is a life-threatening condition, since the cat would be unable to urinate. In some cats, larger stones can develop. These are called urinary calculi and the condition is referred to as urolithiasis. Stones may actually form anywhere in the entire urinary tract. The urinary stones in cats can be found in the kidneys, ureters (tiny tubes that carry urine from the kidneys to the bladder), bladder, or urethra (the tube from the bladder to the outside of the animal). They can also obstruct the outflow of urine. Signs and diagnosis of bladder stones in cats If your cat is straining to urinate and produces little urine or no urine at all, it is considered an extreme emergency. Cats with bladder stones may have blood in their urine and may urinate frequently, passing only small quantities of urine each time. Often, they will strain while urinating, holding their body in the urinating posture for much longer than normal. They may lick their genital area more than usual. If your cat is straining to urinate and produces little urine or no urine at all, it is considered an extreme emergency. Some cats with bladder stones may show no signs at all, and the stones are discovered while palpating the abdomen during a routine physical exam. If the stones cannot be diagnosed through palpation, the diagnosis of bladder stones in cats is made or confirmed with abdominal x-rays or ultrasound. Most stones are radiopaque, meaning they show up on the radiographic film as obvious white circles or shapes just as bones do. A few are radiolucent, where the x-ray beams pass right through and therefore, they do not show up on the finished film. To confirm the presence of these types of stones, a special dye is passed into the bladder and it outlines the stones in the x-ray. With this method, we see a white area (the dye in the bladder) with a black hole in the center (the stone). How bladder stones are formed Bladder stones are formed by minerals, which first precipitate out in the urine as individual microscopic crystals. Over time, these crystals unite and small grains of sand-like material may be formed. Once these first grains are present, additional precipitation forms on their surface and the tiny specks are gradually built into stones that sometimes reach over 1" in diameter. The effect of diet on urinary stone and treatment It appears that diet may increase the risk of a cat developing urinary crystals, stones, and urethral plugs. The development of crystals and stones is mostly dependent upon the: Urine pH Concentration of minerals in the urine Whether a cat is allowed to eat throughout the day (free choice or ad libitum feeding) or has specific mealtimes may influence lower urinary tract health. Genetics also appears to play a role. Three common crystals (and stones) in cats are struvite, oxalate, and urate. Struvite Crystals and Stones Formation Type of Stone Percent of Stones in 1984 Percent of Stones in 2007 Struvite 75 49 Oxalate 2 41 Struvite crystals are made up of magnesium, ammonium, and phosphate. The crystals and stones are more likely to develop in alkaline urine. The main dietary factors which appear to affect the development of struvite crystals are urine ph and water consumption. In the past, crystals and stones made of struvite were more common in cats. As a result, diets were developed to minimize the risk of forming struvite. These diets were low in magnesium and cats eating them produced an acidic (low pH) urine. As more cats were fed these diets, both for treatment and prevention of struvite, the percentage of cats with struvite stones decreased, but the incidence of calcium oxalate crystals and stones increased. Struvite is still, by far, the most common component of urethral plugs. Treatment and Prevention The treatment of struvite stones may include surgical removal, urohyropropulsion (both described in more detail at the end of the article), dietary changes, or a combination of techniques. Surgery: If there are urethral plugs or any other type of urinary obstruction, we cannot wait for special diets to dissolve the stones, but must quickly surgically remove the stones or use urohydropropulsion (detailed below) to eliminate the stones. Cats who are on diets designed to acidify the urine should NOT be given additional urinary acidifiers. Diet Modifications: When struvite is a problem, special diets are available to make the urine more dilute and more acidic. Too much acidification of the urine can result in serious health problems, so urinary acidifiers should never be used in conjunction with diets that are formulated to produce an acidic urine. Since the safety of these products for kittens and pregnant or nursing queens has not been established, it is recommended that these products not be used for these life stages. Those diets that are designed to actually dissolve urinary stones include Hill's s/d, Royal Canin Dissolution, and Royal Canin Urinary SO. Hill's s/d should only used on a short-term basis, however, since it is not balanced for long-term use. Those diets that are available to help prevent stones and crystal formation in cats that are susceptible to them include Purina CNM UR-Formula, Royal Canin Urinary SO, Royal Canin Control, and Hill's c/d, w/d, and r/d. All of these diets have a balanced level of the minerals that make up the crystals such as magnesium and phosphorous. In addition to being formulated to produce an acid urine, they are also formulated to produce more dilute urine, so crystals are less likely to form. The diets are available through your veterinarian. Prior to the development of specialized diets, urinary acidifiers such as vitamin C or dl-methionine were sometimes used to lower the pH of the urine in cases of struvite stones, for example. Specialty diets are now preferred since they alter not only the pH, but the concentration of stone-forming constituents. Remember: Do NOT give urinary acidifiers when you are using one of the specialty diets that also acidify urine. Feeding methods: It is recommended that cats who are at risk for developing struvite crystals or stones should be fed ad libitum. After eating a large meal, the pH of the urine usually becomes more alkaline. By eating small meals throughout the day, the urine pH will stay more acidic. Increased Water Consumption: An important influence on the development of urinary crystals and stones is the consumption of water. As more water is consumed, the urine is less concentrated, and crystals are less likely to form. Also, since there is more urine, the cat will urinate more frequently, and the urine will be present in the bladder for a shorter period of time. This also decreases the chance of crystal and stone formation. Provide fresh, clean water at all times, and preferably in several areas around the house. For information on how to increase your cat's water intake see Drinking Water: How can I encourage my cat to drink more?. For some animals with a history of urinary tract infections or crystals, a canned diet is recommended. Canned diets contain larger amounts of water and may help dilute the urine and make crystals less likely to form. The Formation, Treatment, and Diet Modifications for Urinary Stones and Crystals in Cats Type of stone Tends to form in: Initial treatment Diet recommended for dissolving stones** Diet recommended for crystal/stone prevention in cats susceptible to them** Struvite Alkaline urine Diet to dissolve stones unless there is an obstruction; surgical removal or urohydropropulsion if there is an obstruction Hill's s/d Royal Canin Dissolution Royal Canin Urinary SO Hill's c/d, w/d, or r/d Royal Canin Control Royal Canin Urinary SO Purina CNM UR Formula Oxalate Acidic urine Surgical removal or urohydropropulsion   Hill's c/d or x/d Royal Canin Urinary SO Purina CNM UR Formula Urate Acidic urine; cats with certain liver diseases Surgical removal or urohydropropulsion; treat any liver disease   Hill's k/d or l/d* Royal Canin Renal LP* *No specific diets are available; these diets are lower in protein, which is recommended. **With all diets, it is extremely beneficial to also increase the amount of water consumption. Oxalate Crystals and Stones Formation Oxalate crystals and stones are more likely to occur in acidic urine and if the cat has high calcium levels in the blood. This could be caused by excessive intake of calcium, protein, sodium, or vitamin D. Some metabolic disorders such as hyperparathyroidism, some cancers, and Cushings disease may also contribute to the development of oxalate stones. Unfortunately, oxalate stones often occur in cats with normal blood calcium levels, as well. Treatment and Prevention Surgery: Surgical removal or hydropropulsion (described in more detail below) are the only available treatment for oxalate stones. There are no diets that will dissolve them. Diet Modification: Special diets are available that decrease the probability of oxalate crystals and stones forming in the urine. These include Hills x/d, Royal Canin Urinary SO, and Purina CNM UR-Formula. Urinary acidifiers should not be used with these diets since the goal is to make the urine more alkaline. Increased Water Consumption: As with struvite, another goal of therapy is to produce dilute urine, so any method to increase water consumption should be used. Again, canned diets may be recommended. Urate Crystals and Stones Formation Urate stones are more common in certain breeds of dogs, such as Dalmations, although they have been diagnosed in cats. They are more likely to occur in acidic urine. They can also be seen with some liver disorders and metabolic diseases. Treatment and Prevention Surgery: If there are urethral plugs or any other type of urinary obstruction, we cannot wait for special diets to dissolve the stones, but must quickly remove the stones by surgery or urohydropropulsion (see description later in article). Diet Modification: There are no specific diets for urate stones in cats, however diets lower in protein are often recommended. These include Hill's k/d or l/d, and Royal Canin Renal LP. Urinary acidifiers should also not be used with these diets since the goal is to make the urine more alkaline. Increased Water Consumption: Again, increase water consumption as much as possible and use canned diets as recommended. Other treatment techniques Surgery The surgical removal of stones within the bladder is referred to as a cystotomy, meaning an opening of the bladder. With the cat under anesthesia and lying on his back, an incision is made through the abdominal wall in front of the pelvis. The bladder is exposed and lifted out through the incision. Urine is collected for culture and analysis. The bladder is then opened and the stones are removed. The bladder and urethra are flushed with sterile saline solution to wash out any small or microscopic particles. The bladder is then closed with sutures as is the abdominal wall. The patient is placed on antibiotics and usually sent home the following day. The bladder stones are sent to a laboratory for analysis to determine their chemical make-up and the remainder of the therapy will vary depending on the results. Urohydropropulsion To perform urohydropropulsion, the cat is anesthetized and a urinary catheter is placed. Through the catheter, the bladder is filled with sterile saline. The cat is then held in an upright position and, by hand, the veterinarian compresses the bladder, forcing the solution back out, and with it, the stones. Urohydropropulsion is used when the stones are very small and are sure to pass through the urethra. Emergencies In situations where a stone has lodged in the ureters or urethra, the condition is a life or death matter that must be resolved immediately. Urinary obstructions lead to kidney shut down and death. If there are stones or crystals caught in the urethra, which is especially common in male cats, the veterinarian would first provide pain medication and intravenous fluids. The cat is anesthetized and the veterinarian will try to back-flush the plug or obstruction into the bladder before it is opened. If this cannot be done, a very small endoscope may be used to try to remove the obstruction. In the rare case where stones are lodged in a ureter, an incision would have to be made at the site. This is extremely delicate surgery since the ureters is such a find tube-like structure. Some work is being done using ultrasonic waves to destroy stones in these situations, but it is not readily available for all practices. This technique is common in human medicine and may eliminate surgery. Summary Urinary stones and crystals can cause severe disease in cats. Depending on the type of crystals or stones seen in your cat's urine, a different diet may help prevent the recurrence of the problem. It is important to work closely with your veterinarian in the diagnosis, treatment and monitoring of urinary crystals and stones. Using the wrong diet not only won't help, it could actually increase the chances of crystal or stone formation.

References and Further Reading

Barteges, JW; Kirk, CA. Interpreting and managing crystalluria. In Bonagura, JD; Twedt, DC (eds) Kirk's Current Veterinary Therapy XIV. W.B. Saunders Co. Philadelphia, PA; 2009:850-854. Buffington, CA; Chew, DJ. Diet therapy in cats with lower urinary tract disorders. Compendium on Continuing Education July 1999;21(7):626-630. Kalkstein, TS; Kruger, JM; Osborne, CA. Feline Idiopathic Lower Urinary Tract Disease. Part II. Compendium on Continuing Education. February 1999;21(2):148-154. Lekcharoensuk, C; Osborne, CA; Lulich, JP; Pusoonthornthum, R; Kirk, CA; Ulrich, LK; Koehler, LA; Carpenter, KA; Swanson, LL. Association between dietary factors and calcium oxalate and magnesium ammonium phosphate urolithiasis in cats. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 2001 November 1;219(9):1228-37 Westropp, JL; Buffington, CAT, Chew, D. Feline Lower Urinary Tract Diseases. In Ettinger, SJ; Feldman, EC. (eds) Textbook of Veterinary Internal Medicine. W.B. Saunders Co. Philadelphia, PA; 2005:1845-1850. Osborne, CA; Lulich, JP; Forrester, D; Albasan, H. Paradigm changes in the role of nutrition for the management of canine and feline urolithiasis. In Osborne, CA; Lulich, JP (eds.) Veterinary Clinics of North America Small Animal Practice: Changing Paradigms in Diagnosis and Treatment of Urolithiasis. W.B. Saunders Co. Philadelphia, PA; 2009 (January) 127-141. Osborne, CA; Lulich, JP; Kruger, JM; Ulrich, LK; Koehler, LA. Analysis of 451,891 canine uroliths, feline uroliths, and feline urethral plugs from 1981 to 2007: Perspectives from the Minnesota Urolith Center. In Osborne, CA; Lulich, JP (eds.) Veterinary Clinics of North America Small Animal Practice: Changing Paradigms in Diagnosis and Treatment of Urolithiasis. W.B. Saunders Co. Philadelphia, PA; 2009 (January) 183-197. Osborne, CA; Lulich, JP; Thumchai, R; Ulrich, LK; Koehler, LA; Bird, KA; Bartges, JW. Feline urolithiasis: Etiology and pathogenesis. Veterinary Clinics of North America March 1996;26(2):217 232. RELATED ARTICLES: Cystitis and Feline Lower Urinary Tract Disease (FLUTD, FUS) in Cats    Cristale urina si pietre la vezica urinara la pisici: Formarea, diete și a altor tratamente Veterinar & Aquatic Services Department, doctorii. Foster & Smith Print articolul | Email articolul   Unele pisici dezvolta cristale microscopice in urina lor. Acestea pot sau nu pot fi asociate cu o infecție a tractului urinar. Aceste cristale, care sunt ca nisipul foarte fin, irita vezica urinara. La masculi, cristalele pot conecta uretra (tubul care transporta urina din vezica, prin penis, la partea exterioară a corpului). Aceasta este o condiție în pericol viața, deoarece pisica ar fi în imposibilitatea de a urina. În unele pisici, pietre mai mari se poate dezvolta. Acestea sunt numite calculi urinar și condiție este menționată ca urolitiaza. Pietre poate forma, de fapt oriunde în întregul tractului urinar. Pietrele urinare la pisici pot fi găsite în rinichi, uretere (tuburi mici, care transporta urina de la rinichi la vezica urinara), vezica urinara, sau uretrei (tubul din vezica urinara la exterior de animale). Ele pot împiedica, de asemenea, fluxul de urina. Semne si diagnostic de pietre vezicii urinare la pisici Daca pisica ta este strecurat de a urina și produce puțin de urină sau nu urină la toate, ea este considerată o urgență extremă. Pisicile cu pietre vezicii urinare poate avea sânge în urină lor și pot urina frecvent, trece doar cantități mici de urină de fiecare dată. De multe ori, ei vor tulpina in timpul urinarii, țineți corpul lor în postura urinat pentru mult mai mult decât în ​​mod normal. Ele pot linge zona lor genitala mai mult decât de obicei. Daca pisica ta este strecurat de a urina și produce puțin de urină sau nu urină la toate, ea este considerată o urgență extremă. Unele pisici cu pietre vezicii urinare poate arăta nici un semn de la toate, iar pietrele sunt descoperite în timp ce palparea abdomenului in timpul unui examen de rutina fizic. Dacă pietrele nu pot fi diagnosticate prin palpare, diagnosticul de pietre vezicii urinare la pisici este făcută sau confirmată cu abdominale raze X sau ultrasunete. Cele mai multe pietre sunt radioopac, ceea ce inseamna ca apar pe film radiografic ca cercuri albe evidente sau forme la fel ca oasele. Câteva sunt radiologica, unde razele x-ray trec prin dreptul și, prin urmare, ele nu apar pe film terminat. Pentru a confirma prezența acestor tipuri de pietre, un colorant speciala este trecut în vezică și se conturează pietre în x-ray. Cu această metodă, vom vedea o zona de alb (vopsea in vezica urinara), cu o gaură neagră în centru (piatra). Cum se formează calculi vezicali Pietre vezicii urinare sunt formate de minerale, care primul precipitat în urină sub formă de cristale microscopice individuale. De-a lungul timpului, aceste cristale se unească și boabe mici de materiale ca nisipul poate fi format. Odata ce aceste prime sunt boabe, forme de precipitații suplimentare pe suprafata lor, iar formă de mici pete sunt construite treptat în pietre, care ajung, uneori, mai mult de 1 "in diametru. Efectul dietei asupra piatră urinar și tratament Se pare că dieta poate crește riscul de a dezvolta o pisica cristale urinare, pietre, și prize uretrale. Dezvoltarea de cristale și pietre este în mare parte dependentă de: Urina pH Concentrația de minerale în urină Daca o pisica este permis sa manance pe tot parcursul zilei (alege sau hrănirea ad libitum) sau are mese pot influența sănătatea tractului urinar inferior. Genetica pare, de asemenea, sa joace un rol. Trei cristale comune (și pietre) la pisici sunt struvit , oxalat, si urati . Cristale struvitice și pietre Formare Tip de piatră La sută din Stones în 1984 La sută din Stones în 2007 Struvit 75 49 Oxalat 2 41 Cristale struvitice sunt formate din magneziu, amoniu, și fosfat. Cristale și pietre sunt mai multe sanse de a dezvolta în urină alcalină. Principalii factori dietetice care pare sa afecteze dezvoltarea de cristale de struvit sunt pH-ul urinar și consumul de apă. În trecut, cristale și pietre din struvit au fost mai frecvente la pisici. Ca rezultat, diete au fost dezvoltate pentru a reduce la minim riscul de formare struvit. Aceste diete au fost reduse în magneziu și pisici alimentare le-a produs o urina acidă (pH scăzut). Ca mai multe pisici au fost hraniti aceste diete, atat pentru tratamentul si prevenirea struvit, procentul de pisici cu pietre struvit scazut, dar incidenta de cristale de oxalat de calciu și pietre a crescut. Struvit este încă, de departe, componenta cea mai comună de fișe uretral. Tratamentul și prevenirea tratamentul tip de pietre poate include îndepărtarea chirurgicală, urohyropropulsion (ambele descrise în detaliu la sfârșitul articolului), modificări dietetice, sau o combinație de tehnici. Chirurgie: Dacă există prize uretrale sau orice alt tip de obstrucție urinară, nu putem aștepta pentru diete speciale, pentru a dizolva pietrele, dar trebuie să rapid elimina chirurgical pietrele sau de a folosi urohydropropulsion (detaliate mai jos) pentru a elimina pietrele. Pisicile care sunt pe diete concepute pentru a acidifica urina nu trebuie administrat acidifianți urinare suplimentare. Modificări Dieta: Când struvit este o problemă, diete speciale sunt disponibile pentru a face urina mai diluat și mai acide. Prea mult acidifierea urinei poate duce la probleme serioase de sănătate, așa acidulanti urinare nu ar trebui să fie utilizate în conjuncție cu diete care sunt formulate pentru a produce o urina acidă. Din moment ce nu a fost stabilită siguranța acestor produse pentru pisoi și insarcinate sau care alapteaza regine, se recomandă ca aceste produse nu trebuie folosite pentru aceste etape de viata. Aceste diete care sunt concepute pentru a dizolva de fapt, pietrele la rinichi includ lui Hill s / d, Royal Canin Dizolvarea, și Royal Canin urinar SO. Hill s / d trebuie folosite numai pe termen scurt, cu toate acestea, deoarece nu este echilibrat pentru utilizarea pe termen lung. Aceste diete care sunt disponibile pentru a ajuta la prevenirea pietrelor si formarea cristalelor la pisici, care sunt susceptibile de a le include Purina CNM UR-Formula, Royal Canin urinar SO, Royal Canin de control, și Hill c / d, w / d, și r / d. Toate aceste diete au un nivel echilibrat de minerale care alcătuiesc cristalele, cum ar fi magneziu și fosfor. În afară de a fi formulat pentru a produce o urină acidă, acestea sunt, de asemenea, formulate pentru a produce urina mai diluat, deci cristalele sunt mai puțin probabil să se formeze. Dietele sunt disponibile prin intermediul medicului veterinar. Înainte de dezvoltarea de diete specializate, acidulanti urinare, cum ar fi vitamina C sau dl-metionină au fost folosite uneori pentru a scădea pH-ul urinei în cazurile de tip de pietre, de exemplu. Diete de specialitate sunt acum preferați, deoarece acestea modifica nu numai pH, dar concentrația de constituenți piatra formatoare. Amintiți-vă: Nu da acidifianți urinari atunci când sunt utilizați una dintre dietele de specialitate care acidifică, de asemenea, urina. Metode de alimentare: Se recomandă ca pisicile care sunt la risc pentru dezvoltarea de cristale sau pietre struvit ar trebui să fie hrănite ad libitum. După o masă mare, pH-ul urinei, de obicei, devine mai alcalin. Prin consumul de mese mici pe parcursul zilei, pH-ul urinar va rămâne mai mult acid. Creșterea consumului de apa: o influență importantă asupra dezvoltării de cristale și pietre urinare este consumul de apa. După cum se consumă mai multă apă, urina este mai puțin concentrată, iar cristalele sunt mai puțin probabil să se formeze. De asemenea, deoarece nu există mai mult urină, pisica va urina mai frecvent, iar urina va fi prezent în vezica pentru o perioadă mai scurtă de timp. Aceasta scade, de asemenea, șansa de cristal și formarea de pietre. Furnizarea de apă proaspătă, curată, în orice moment, și, de preferință în mai multe zone din jurul casei. Pentru informații cu privire la modul de a crește aportul de apă pisicii vedea de apă potabilă: Cum pot incuraja pisica mea să bea mai mult? . Pentru unele animale cu un istoric de infectii ale tractului urinar sau cristale, este recomandat un regim alimentar conserve. Dietele conserve conțin cantități mari de apă și poate ajuta dilua urină și face cristale mai puțin susceptibile de a forma. Modificările Formarea, tratament, si Dieta pentru pietrele la rinichi si cristale la pisici Tip de piatră Tinde să se formeze în: Tratamentul inițial Dieta recomandată pentru dizolvarea pietrelor ** Dieta recomandată pentru cristal / piatra de prevenire în pisicile susceptibile de a le ** Struvit Urina alcalina Dieta pentru a dizolva pietrele dacă nu există un obstacol, indepartarea chirurgicala sau urohydropropulsion în cazul în care există o obstrucție S / d Hill Royal Canin Dizolvarea Royal Canin urinar SO Hill C / D, w / d, sau r / d Royal Canin control Royal Canin urinare SO Purina CNM UR Formula Oxalat Urina acidă Indepartarea chirurgicala sau urohydropropulsion   Hill C / D sau x / d Royal Canin urinar SO Purina CNM UR Formula Urat Urina acidă, pisicile cu anumite boli de ficat Indepartarea chirurgicala sau urohydropropulsion; trata orice boala de ficat   Hill K / D sau L / d * Royal Canin Renal LP * * Nu diete speciale sunt disponibile, aceste diete sunt mai mici de proteine, care este recomandată. ** Cu toate dietele, este extrem de benefic pentru a crește cantitatea de consumul de apă. Cristale de oxalat și pietre Formarea cristale de oxalat și pietre sunt mult mai probabil să apară în urina acidă și în cazul în care pisica are niveluri ridicate de calciu în sânge. Acest lucru ar putea fi cauzat de consumul excesiv de calciu, proteine, sodiu, sau vitamina D. Unele tulburari metabolice cum ar fi hiperparatiroidism, unele tipuri de cancer, si boala Cushing poate contribui, de asemenea, la dezvoltarea de pietre de oxalat. Din păcate, pietre de oxalat de multe ori apar la pisicile cu niveluri normale de calciu din sange, de asemenea. Tratamentul si Prevenirea Chirurgie: indepartarea chirurgicala sau hydropropulsion (descrise în detaliu mai jos), sunt singurul tratament disponibil pentru pietre de oxalat. Nu exista diete care le va dizolva. Modificarea dietei: diete speciale sunt disponibile care reduce probabilitatea de cristale de oxalat și pietre formează în urină. Acestea includ Hills x / d, Royal Canin urinar SO, și Purina CNM UR-Formula. Acidifianți urinare nu trebuie să fie utilizate cu aceste diete, deoarece scopul este de a face urina mai alcalin. Creșterea consumului de apa: Ca și în cazul struvit, un alt obiectiv al tratamentului este de a produce urina diluata, astfel încât orice metodă de a crește consumul de apă ar trebui să fie utilizat. Din nou, poate fi recomandată conserve diete. Cristale de urati si pietre Formarea pietrelor urati sunt mai frecvente în anumite rase de câini, cum ar fi Dalmations, deși au fost diagnosticate la pisici. Ele sunt mult mai probabil să apară în urina acidă. Ele pot fi de asemenea observate cu unele tulburări hepatice și boli metabolice. Tratamentul si Prevenirea Chirurgie: Dacă există prize uretrale sau orice alt tip de obstrucție urinară, nu putem aștepta pentru diete speciale, pentru a dizolva pietrele, dar trebuie să elimine rapid pietrele de interventie chirurgicala sau urohydropropulsion (vezi descrierea mai tarziu in articol). Modificarea Dieta: Nu există diete specifice pentru pietre de urati la pisici, cu toate acestea, dietele reduse in proteine ​​sunt adesea recomandate. Acestea includ Hill K / D sau L / d, și Royal Canin Renal LP. Acidifianți urinare nu ar trebui să fie utilizate cu aceste diete, deoarece scopul este de a face urina mai alcalin. Creșterea consumului de apa: din nou, creșterea consumului de apă cât mai mult posibil și de a folosi conserve diete așa cum se recomandă. Alte tehnici de tratare Chirurgie îndepărtarea chirurgicală a pietrelor în vezica este menționată ca un cystotomy, ceea ce înseamnă o deschidere a vezicii urinare. Cu pisica sub anestezie și culcat pe spate, se face o incizie prin peretele abdominal în partea din față a pelvisului. Vezicii urinare este expus și scos prin incizie. Urina este colectată pentru cultură și analize. Vezicii urinare este apoi deschisă și pietrele sunt eliminate. Vezica urinara si uretra sunt spălate cu soluție salină sterilă pentru a spăla orice particule mici sau microscopice. Vezicii urinare este apoi închis cu suturi cum este peretele abdominal. Pacientul este pus pe antibiotice și, de obicei, trimis acasă în ziua următoare. Pietrele vezicii urinare sunt trimise la un laborator pentru analize chimice pentru determinarea lor face-up și restul terapiei vor varia în funcție de rezultatele. Urohydropropulsion Pentru a efectua urohydropropulsion, pisica este anesteziat și un cateter urinar este plasat. Prin cateter, vezica este umplut cu soluție salină sterilă. Pisica este apoi a avut loc într-o poziție verticală și, de mână, medicul veterinar comprimă vezica urinara, forțând soluția înapoi, și cu ea, pietrele. Urohydropropulsion este utilizat atunci când pietrele sunt foarte mici și sunt sigur de a trece prin uretra. Situații de urgență În situațiile în care o piatra a depus in ureterelor sau uretrei, condiția este o chestiune de viață sau de moarte, care trebuie să fie rezolvate imediat. Obstacole urinare duce la rinichi închide și moarte. Dacă există pietre sau cristale prins in uretra, care este deosebit de frecvente la pisicile de sex masculin, medicul veterinar va oferi primul medicament durere si fluide intravenoase. Pisica este anesteziati si medicul veterinar va încerca să susțină-spăla fișa sau obstrucție în vezica urinară înainte de a se deschide. Dacă acest lucru nu se poate face, un endoscop foarte mici pot fi utilizate pentru a încerca să înlăturați obstacolul. În cazurile rare în care pietrele sunt prezentate într-un ureter, o incizie ar trebui să se facă la locul. Aceasta este operatie extrem de delicat, deoarece uretere este o astfel de găsi tub-ca structura. Unele de lucru se face cu ajutorul undelor ultrasonice pentru a distruge pietre în aceste situații, dar nu este ușor disponibilă pentru toate practicile. Aceasta tehnica este frecvent în medicina umană și pot elimina interventii chirurgicale. Rezumat Pietrele la rinichi si cristale pot provoca boli grave la pisici. În funcție de tipul de cristale sau pietre văzut în urină pisicii, un regim diferit, pot ajuta la prevenirea reapariției problemei. Este important de a lucra îndeaproape cu medicul veterinar în diagnosticul, tratamentul și monitorizarea de cristale și pietre urinare. Utilizarea dieta greșit nu numai că nu va ajuta, ar putea crește de fapt, șansele de cristal sau formarea de pietre. (traducere cu Google translator)

Merisorul, indicat pentru acidifierea urinei la pisici

from here : http://www.catforum.com/forum/38-health-nutrition/127235-vet-suggested-cranberry.html

Bacteria dislikes an acid environment, so giving your cat cranberry will help acidify his urine, making his urinary tract less hospitable to bacteria that can cause UTI.

As far as urinary crystals are concerned, cats generally develop one of two different types of urinary crystals/stones: struvite and calcium oxalate. Struvite develops in an alkaline environment, and oxalate develops in an acidic environment. Historically, cats who were prone to developing crystals tended to develop struvite because of the urinary pH balance promoted by commercial foods. However, over the last couple of decades, commercial "urinary health" formulas have been marketed that reduce urinary pH, thereby reducing the occurrence of struvite crystals. So now, calcium oxalate crystals are nearly as common as struvite in cats who develop crystals.

There are several strategies to avoid the development of any type of crystals ... or at least avoid them clumping together to form larger stones and urinary blockages. First, don't mess with your cat's urinary pH unless you have a darn good reason to do so, and then know if and what type of crystals he is developing. If he is developing struvite crystals, cranberry will help reduce urinary pH and hopefully stop struvite formation. But if he's developing oxalate crystals, cranberry will make the urinary environment even more acidic and promote oxalate formation, making matters worse for your cat. Acidifying his urine could even have the effect of causing oxalate crystals where none presently exist.

If your cat is or may develop any type of crystals, keeping his system consistently flushed with fluids will also flush out small crystals before they have a chance to clump together and cause problems. Place water bowls all around your house and keep the water fresh. If your cat likes running water, buy a pet water fountain and/or leave a faucet dripping for him. Some cats love to drink from fish bowls. Mix water water into his canned food to give him "canned food soup" to lap up daily. Keep his litter boxes very clean and in quiet areas of the house so that there is nothing causing him to avoid using the boxes and retaining urine. If he retains urine, it gives crystals time to clump together in his urinary tract. In other words, the more water he takes in and urinates out, the fewer crystals will accumulate in his urinary tract.

A potential downside of extra water consumption is that all of that extra fluid will dilute the urine, making it less acidic, which in turn makes the urinary tract more welcoming for both bacteria and struvite formation.

Darned if you do, darned if you don't. In order to make an informed decision about your cat's treatment plan, you need to understand his diagnosis. Has a urinary CULTURE been performed to identify the exact bacteria causing the problem? That's the only way to know whether or not a particular antibiotic will be effective against it. Or is your vet just throwing various broad-spectrum antibiotics at it hoping one of them will be effective? Have crystals been identified in your cat's urine, and if so, what type of crystals? If you don't know the answers to these questions, ask your vet.

Here's a link to an article explaining urinary crystals in cats:

http://www.peteducation.com/article.cfm ... 4&aid=2729


(traducere cu Google transalator)
Bacteriile au apreciat-un mediu acid, astfel oferindu-afine pisica va ajuta acidifică urina, făcând tractul urinar mai puțin ospitaliere pentru bacteriile care pot cauza UTI.
În măsura în care cristalele urinare sunt în cauză, pisici dezvolta în general, una din două tipuri diferite de cristale / pietre urinare: struvite și oxalat de calciu. Struvite dezvoltă într-un mediu alcalin, și oxalat dezvoltă într-un mediu acid. Punct de vedere istoric, pisicile care au fost predispuse la cristale în curs de dezvoltare au avut tendinta de a dezvolta struvit, din cauza echilibrul pH-ului urinar promovat de alimente comerciale. Cu toate acestea, în ultimele decenii, formule comerciale "Sănătatea urinare" au fost comercializate ca reduce pH-ul urinar, reducând astfel apariția de cristale de struvit. Deci, acum, cristale de oxalat de calciu sunt aproape la fel de comune ca struvit la pisicile care dezvolta cristale.
Există mai multe strategii pentru a evita dezvoltarea de orice tip de cristale ... sau cel puțin să le evite agregare împreună pentru a forma pietre mari și blocaje urinare. În primul rând, nu te pui cu pH-ul urinar pisicii daca nu ai un motiv al naibii de bun pentru a face acest lucru, iar apoi știu dacă și ce tip de cristale el este în curs de dezvoltare. Dacă el este în curs de dezvoltare cristale de struvit, afine va ajuta la reducerea pH-ul urinar și sperăm opri formarea de struvit. Dar dacă el in curs de dezvoltare cristale de oxalat, afine va face mediul urinar chiar mai acid și să promoveze formarea de oxalat, ceea ce face lucrurile si mai rele pentru pisica ta. Acidifiant urina ar putea avea chiar efectul de a provoca cristale de oxalat de unde nu există în prezent.
Daca pisica ta este sau poate dezvolta orice tip de cristale, menținerea sistemului său de spălat în mod constant cu lichide va fi aruncat, de asemenea, cristale mici înainte de a avea o șansă de a se grupeze și cauza probleme. Apa loc boluri peste tot în jurul casa ta și să păstreze apă proaspătă. Daca pisica ta place apa curenta, cumpara o fântână de apă pentru animale de companie și / sau lasa un robinet care picură pentru el. Unele pisici le place sa bea din vase de pește. Se amestecă apa de apă în alimente conservate să-i dea "supă de conserve", a lap up de zi cu zi. Păstra cutiile de gunoi foarte curat și în zonele liniștite ale casei, astfel că nu este nimic făcându-l să evite folosirea cutii și păstrarea urina. În cazul în care el păstrează urina, dă cristale de timp pentru a se strange in grupuri impreuna in tractul urinar. Cu alte cuvinte, mai mult de apă se ia in si urineaza afară, cu atât mai puține cristalele vor acumula în tractul urinar.
Un dezavantaj potențial de consum suplimentar de apă este că tot din lichidul în plus va dilua urina, ceea ce face mai putin acide, care, la rândul său, face tractului urinar mai primitoare pentru ambele bacterii si formarea de struvit.
Darned dacă ai face, darned dacă nu. În scopul de a lua o decizie în cunoștință de cauză cu privire la planul de tratament pisicii tale, trebuie să înțelegeți diagnosticul lui. A fost efectuată o CULTURĂ urinară a identifica bacteriile exacte cauzează problema? Asta e singura cale de a ști dacă sau nu un anumit antibiotic va fi eficient împotriva ei. Sau medicul veterinar aruncat doar diferite antibiotice cu spectru larg la ea sperând una dintre ele va fi eficient? Au fost identificate cristale în urină pisicii, și dacă da, ce tip de cristale? Dacă nu știți răspunsurile la aceste întrebări, adresați-vă medicul veterinar.
Aici este un link la un articol care explică cristale urinare la pisici:
http://www.peteducation.com/article.cfm ... 4 & ajutor = 2729

Mancare naturala pentru pisici - Retete

(luate de aici

http://www.blakkatz.com/recipes.pdfhttp://www.blakkatz.com/recipes.pdf)

 

Michelle T. Bernard Raising Cats Naturally

68

Chapter 14 - Recipe With Bone

This recipe is very similar in ingredients and proportions as the one

presented in Feline Future’s The Backyard Predator.99

Approximately two and one-half pounds of meat with bone.

One-half pound (200 grams) raw heart from the same species of animal

the muscle meat comes from. If you absolutely cannot source heart

substitute 2,000 mg taurine. Note: if you do not use heart, add an

additional one-half pound (200 grams) of meat. If you are concerned

about loss of taurine due to freezing, feel free to add 2,000 mg of taurine

even if you are using raw heart. It is probably over-kill, but it will not

harm your cat.

One-quarter pound (or 100 grams) raw liver from the same species of

animal the muscle meat comes from. If you absolutely cannot source liver

substitute vitamin A/D capsules. You will want approximately 20,000 IU

vitamin A and whatever amount of vitamin D comes in the capsule for

each recipe. Vitamin A/D capsules usually come in amounts of 10,000 IU

vitamin A and 400 IU vitamin D per capsule. You can also use 2

tablespoons of cod liver oil, however, cod liver oil goes rancid quite

quickly. I prefer the dry vitamin A/D capsules. Note: if you do not use

liver, add an additional one-quarter pound (100 grams) of meat.

If you are feeding rabbit or turkey and cannot source rabbit or

turkey liver or heart, substitute chicken liver or heart. These

substitutions are not ideal, but it is better than using supplemental

taurine and vitamins A and D.

2 high-quality raw egg yolks

2 teaspoons psyllium husk powder; if you are using whole psyllium husk

pods, use 4 teaspoons

1 cup (or more) spring (or filtered) water

2,000 mg salmon oil (usually 2 capsules)

2 teaspoons kelp and dulse combined; do not use all kelp. If you cannot

source dulse, use just one teaspoon of kelp

Michelle T. Bernard Raising Cats Naturally

69

50 mg. vitamin B complex

400 IU vitamin E

2 glandular capsules

Preparation: remove as much skin from chicken or turkey as you can.

Cut as much meat off the bone as you can and cut it into chunks the size

that your cat will eat. Mine are approximately quarter-sized. Put the

chunks in the bowl.

Grind the heart and liver into the same bowl the chunks of meat are. Then

grind the bone. Run the salmon oil capsules through the grinder with the

meat. This eliminates the need to prick the capsule to express the oil out.

It is safe for your cat to consume the capsules.

Gently mix to combine.

In a separate bowl add the egg yolks, water, psyllium husk powder,

salmon oil (if not run through grinder), vitamin B complex, vitamin E and

glandulars. The taurine and vitamin A/D capsules (if used) should be

added as well. Mix well with a whisk. Gently fold the supplement

mixture into meat. Divide the mixture into serving packages and freeze or

refrigerate.

Michelle T. Bernard Raising Cats Naturally

70

Chapter 15 - Recipe Without Bone

This recipe is very similar in ingredients and proportions as the one

presented in Feline Future’s The Backyard Predator.100

Approximately one and a half pounds of muscle meat.

One-half pound (200 grams) raw heart from the same species of animal

the muscle meat comes from. If you absolutely cannot source heart

substitute 2,000 mg taurine. Note: if you do not use heart, add an

additional one-half pound (200 grams) of meat. If you are concerned

about loss of taurine due to freezing, feel free to add 2,000 mg of taurine

even if you are using raw heart. It is probably over-kill, but it will not

harm your cat.

One-quarter pound (100 grams) raw liver from the same species of animal

the muscle meat comes from. If you absolutely cannot source liver

substitute vitamin A/D capsules. You will want approximately 20,000 IU

vitamin A and whatever amount of vitamin D comes in the capsule for

each recipe. Vitamin A/D capsules usually come in amounts of 10,000 IU

vitamin A and 400 IU vitamin D per capsule. You can also use 2

tablespoons of cod liver oil, however, cod liver oil goes rancid quite

quickly. I prefer the dry vitamin A/D capsules. Note: if you do not use

liver, add an additional one-quarter pound (100 grams) of meat.

If you are using rabbit or turkey and cannot source rabbit or turkey

liver or heart, use chicken liver or heart. These substitutions are not

ideal, but it is better than using supplemental taurine and

vitamins A and D.

If you are using lamb and cannot source lamb heart or liver, use

beef or calf heart or liver. These substitutions are not ideal, but it is

better than using supplemental taurine and vitamins A and D.

2 tablespoons bone meal (human grade or high quality pet grade, not the

bone meal you can buy in a garden supply store)

1 tablespoon unflavored gelatin

2 high-quality raw egg yolks

Michelle T. Bernard Raising Cats Naturally

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2 teaspoons psyllium husk powder; if you are using psyllium husk pods,

use 4 teaspoons

1 cup (or more) spring (or filtered) water

2,000 mg salmon oil (usually 2 capsules)

2 teaspoons kelp and dulse combined; do not use all kelp. If you cannot

source dulse, use just 1 teaspoon of kelp

50 mg. vitamin B complex

400 IU vitamin E

2 glandular capsules

Preparation: cut at least half the muscle meat into chunks and put them in

the bowl.

Grind what muscle meat you did not chunk, heart and liver into the same

bowl the chunks of meat are. Run the salmon oil capsules through the

grinder with the meat. This eliminates the need to prick the capsule to

express the oil out. It is safe for your cat to consume the capsules.

Gently mix to combine.

In a separate bowl add the bone meal, gelatin, egg yolks, water, psyllium

husk powder, salmon oil (if not run through grinder), vitamin B complex,

vitamin E and glandulars. The taurine and vitamin A/D capsules (if

used) should be added as well. Mix well with a whisk. Gently fold into

meat. Divide the mixture into serving packages and freeze or refrigerate.